![]() ![]() This vasodilatory effect poses several problems for the clinician: bleeding is noted at the site of injection absorption of the anesthetic into the blood stream is rapid, shortening the duration of effect and the rapid absorption results in higher, potentially dangerous, plasma levels. ![]() ![]() Like the no-longer-used procaine, all currently available dental local anesthetics in North America cause some degree of vasodilation. Confusion still exists regarding the dose limits for epinephrine, particularly when the drug is administered to patients with underlying cardiovascular disease.Įpinephrine was first added to the local anesthetic ester, procaine, over 100 years ago. The word has a Greek origin and literally means “on” (epi) the “kidney” (nephros) referring to the anatomic location (the adrenal gland) where the drug is produced. Two frequent and often life-saving uses are the management of anaphylaxis and cardiac arrest. Epinephrine is commonly used in health care and has multiple applications. ![]()
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